Magnetic effects around
electric currents and absurdities of modern physics
New added material
Electrolysis magnetism and
electric currents
Experiment 1. Electric current measurement for an
electrolytic cell
Let’s consider a circuit like in fig. 1 formed by a DC source, an ionic
conductor, and a metallic conductor with the same section like ionic conductor.
The length of PM side is about 50 cm and both metallic conductor and ionic
conductor present the same length and the same transversal section.
Figure 1. Electric current measurement
When source deliver 12 V, the ammeter
indicate around 245 mA.
Let’s interpret this current
intensity based on actual electromagnetism and let’s observe what suppose this
fact.
As reference the book Currents, fields and particles written
by Francis Bitter, 1956, MIT, is used.
In the metallic conductor
there are ,,free” electrons so, a drift of these
electrons is produced. Considering n
free electrons per unit of volume moving with a velocity vdr in wire having a cross sectional area A, it is
possible to compute the total charge passing through this cross section of the
wire per second and further to formulate the intensity of current like:
(1)
At 12 V, inside ionic
conductor an electrolysis process takes place. The ionic conductor is formed by
NaCl solution so during electrolysis Cl2
and NaOH are formed.
The connections between metals
and ionic conductor plays role of electrode and here electrons are transferred
into or out of solution.
At cathode, electrons are
transferred into solution and in our case a primary reaction take place:
Na+ + e- 
Na
Further this Na atom react
with water and form NaOH and hydrogen.
At anode the electron is
transferred out of solution and in our case the process is:
Cl- Cl + e-
As it can be observed, a
single electron moving inside metallic conductor produces a displacement of two
opposite charge inside ionic conductor as in fig. 2.
Figure 2. Charge displacement inside metallic and ionic conductor
In up indicated book, at
chapter 3.3., Conduction in gases and
solutions, it is indicate how can be calculated the intensity of electric
current in case of ionic conductors. The intensity of electric current in ionic
conductor is composed by contribution of both positive and negative charge
movement. Noting with vdr+ and vdr- the drift velocities of positive
and negative charges there is:
(2).
As for both electrodes it can
be arranged to have electrodes with same cross section like ionic conductor,
this unit – A, does not play any importance for our discussion.
If formula 2 and 1 are compared, in
order to have the same intensity for entire circuit it is absolutely necessary
to have:
and further:
As is observed in our experiment,
for one electron moving into metal, a positive cation
and a negative anion are moving into solution. Therefore:
and
in this case 
Has someone found this formula
in a book describing actual electromagnetism or chemistry? I don’t think so…
But this is not the end of the
story. If the formula is correct, some nice phenomenon should appear….
Let’s consider an electrode
solution interface section like in fig. 3. Only the cations
and electrons are represented, even in solution anions exist too.
If drift velocity of electrons
is double like drift velocity of cations, at
beginning certain intensity (I) for electric current is measured. For a small
interval of time, the cations situated close to
interface are neutralized and the drift velocity does not play a crucial
importance.
After few seconds, the current
must decrease, because there is an excess of electrons with higher velocity at
interface, but the cations, moving with smaller
speeds, need times to travel EA and further GA distance.
In all experiments made to
date no such phenomena is observed. Of course, a decrease of electric current
intensity is counted when the concentration of species in solution is
decreasing, but not evident variation of current due to diffusion of species
toward electrodes.
Figure 3. Electrode solution charges
transport
Further some well known experimental
facts must be taken into consideration. It was proved experimentally that cations and anions move with different speeds into solution
in case of an electrolytic cell. A unit called ion mobility is introduced and
in tab. 1. some value for different ions are
presented.
Tabel 1.
|
Cation |
mobility |
Anion |
mobility |
|
Li+ |
0.000347 |
Cl- |
0.000678 |
|
Na+ |
0.000451 |
I- |
0.000685 |
|
K+ |
0.000670 |
NO3- |
0.000640 |
|
Ag+ |
0.000570 |
|
0.00178 |
|
H+ |
0.00325 |
|
|
For example, in case of HCl electrolysis, protons move about five times more
rapidly then chloride anions. In actual electrochemistry it is supposed that
rapid moving charge form a polarized layer around electrode in order to fit
time of both events at anode and cathode.
In proposed theory, the
electrolysis process is reconsidered and the electrode phenomena gain a new
interpretation.
Ionic conductor and magnetic effects
In a previous link related to atomic structure simple experiments, an Oersted type experiment using ionic conductors, gas tubes or semiconductors was proposed.
At that time, with quite inaccurate instruments but also based on classical electromagnetism predictions, absence of a magnetic field around such conductors was foreseen.
By absence of
magnetic field it is necessary to be understood the unfit of well known formula
in case of such
conduction type.
Let’s analyze first, what are the predictions of classical magnetism for different type of conductions.
The movement of electrons inside a metallic wire generates a magnetic field around wire and the magnetic field lines form concentric circles around the wire. The direction of the magnetic field is given by the right-hand rule: When the thumb of the right hand points in the direction of the conventional current, the fingers curl around the wire in the direction of the magnetic field as in fig. 4.
Figure
4. Magnetic field line around
metallic wire
The magnetic field is created in case of a wire conductor, by a flux of electron which moves in opposite direction to conventional current sense.
Considering n free electrons per unit of volume
moving with a velocity vdr
in wire having a cross sectional
area A’, it is possible to compute the total charge passing through this cross
section of the wire per second and further to formulate the intensity of
current like:
(1)
What should happen in case of an ionic conductor?
As reference the book Currents, fields and particles written
by Francis Bitter, 1956, MIT, is used.
In this case, there are negative and positive charges moving along such conductor as in fig. 5.
The intensity of electric
current in ionic conductor is composed by contribution of both positive and
negative charge movement. Noting with vdr+
and vdr- the
drift velocities of positive and negative charges there is:
Figure
5. The contribution of
negative and positive charges
If the right hand rule is
applied to negative and positive charge components, it can be found the
direction of magnetic lines produced by them as in fig.6.
Figure 6. Magnetic field generate by a ionic conductor
The magnetic field produced by both
components adds one another and not cancel as I was supposed in atomic book.
What are the consequences of this
summation for actual electromagnetism?
One single electron inside a metallic
wire will produce a movement of two charges (a cation
and an anion) in opposite directions inside of ionic conductor.
The speeds of electrons inside
metallic wire must be correlated with speeds of anions and cations
inside ionic conductor.
It is absurd to suppose that
electrons moves faster inside metallic conductor and wait at electrode
interface for lazy ionic charges to be changed.
Therefore,
according to actual electromagnetism, the magnetic field around an ionic
conductor must be double by comparison with magnetic field produced by a
metallic conductor for the same circuit.
If the magnetic field around ionic
conductor is equal with magnetic field metallic wire, the speed of ions in
solution must be exactly half of electron speed in metallic wire.
Again
a contradiction with experimental speed of ions in solution is evident.
The following text is from a well known experimental book : Chemical Demonstrations,vol IV, Bassam Shakhashiri, Chapter 11.1. Magnetic field from a conducting solution).
….Place the transparent magnetic compass on the overhead projector. Lay the copper wire over the compass and align it so that it is parallel with the compass needle. Clip one of the leads from the battery to one end of the wire. Touch the other led to the other lead of the wire. When contact is made, the compass needle will rotate until it is perpendicular to the wire. Remove the lead from wire and the needle will return to the prior positions. Unclip the battery lead from the one end of the wire and reattach to the other end of the wire. Touch the second lead to the opposite end of the wire. This time the compass needle will rotate in the opposite direction to become perpendicular to the wire. Disconnect the battery and the compass needle will return to its original position. Remove the wire from the projector.
Set the stand holding the tube of 2M H2SO4 on the overhead projector. Align the horizontal section of the tube so that it is parallel with the needle immediately over the compass. The bottom of the tube should be touching the top of the compass. Connect one lead from the 12 V power supply to one of the electrode in the tube. With the power supply turned off, connect the other lead to the other electrode. Turn on the power supply. The compass needle will immediately turn until it is perpendicularly to the tube. Turn off the power supply. The compass needle will return to its original position. Reverse the connection of the power supply. The compass needle will rotate in opposite direction to become perpendicularly on the tube . Turn off the power supply and the needle will return to its original position…..
Discussion:
This demonstration shows ne of physical effects of the passage of an electric current, namely, an electric field.
The flow of electric current produces a magnetic field, weather the current flows through a metallic conductor in the forms of electrons or through an electrolyte solution in the forms of ions.
The magnetic field is detected in this demonstration with a magnetic compass. When the needle is placed in a magnetic field, it aligns itself parallel with the field. In absence of the other fields, the earth’s magnetic field causes the needle to align it self in a north south direction.
The connection between electric current and magnetic phenomena was observed in 1819 by Oersted. He saw the same effect shown in this demonstration that a magnetic needle moved when an electric current flowed through a nearby wire.
A moving electric charge generates a magnetic field. This magnetic field will interact with any other magnetic field. All atoms contain moving charges, namely, the electrons that surrounds the nucleus.
When a compass is placed in a magnetic field, the needle aligns itself with the field. Because Earth has a week magnetic field orientated along its axis of rotation, a compass usually align to this axis unless the compass is placed in a field stronger then that of earth.
In this demonstration the compass is placed in a magnetic field created by an electric current flowing in North South direction. When a current flows in the wire the magnetic compass rotates out of the north south alignment. This indicate that magnetic field created by electric current is greater then earth magnetic field, and has another direction, more precisely, the field is perpendicular on the direction of current flow. The direction in which the compass needle turns also depends on the direction on current flows.
The compass needle deflects when a voltage is applied between electrodes in a nearby solution. This indicates that electric charges are moving into the solution. These moving charges are ions: positive hydrogen and negative sulfate.
The electric conductivity of an electrolytic solution is not as great as that of a metal. Therefore, the voltage applied between the electrodes must be greater then that applied to the wire, in order to produce a similar electric current in the two conductors.
In spite of the higher voltage, the current in the solution is likely to be only a tenth of that in the wire. The weaker current in the solution will produce a weaker magnetic field, so the compass needle may not rotate as far or as quickly as it does near the conducting wire. This causes the magnetic field produced by the current in the solution to be more diffuse that near the wire. This too will contribute to a less dramatic rotation of the needle. Therefore it is necessary to place the tube of conducting solution as close to the compass needle as possible.
When current flows through a solution, two types of conductions occur. In the solution, the movement of ions conducts the electric current. Sulfate anions move in one direction and hydrogen ions move in opposite direction. In the wire connected to the electrons and in electrodes the current is conducted by moving electrons. At the surface of electrodes, the current changes from electron carried to ion carried. This transformation is possible only if all electrons are added or removed from ions.
Such addition and removal from ions result in chemical transformation
On the internet forums another nice answer is given for explaining the magnetic effect around an ionic conductor.
http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=191354
Indeed cations and anions flow in the opposite directions; however, the question states that there is a current flowing, this means there must be more cations flowing than anions [or vice versa]. Since we have a current, we have a force...
The experiment is in working now and results will be presented on elkadot site.
OLD material with some errors
(according to actual electromagnetism two opposite moving charges add to form a
current). The proposed experiments are the same.
Background and actual
explanation
When
an electrical charge is moving or an electric current passes through a wire, a
circular magnetic field is created. The size and direction of produced magnetic
field can be determined by using two fundamental laws: the Biot-Savart
law (which is the magnetic analog of Coulomb’s law for electricity) and Ampère’s law (which is the magnetic analog of Gauss’ law
for electricity). The reason for generated magnetic field around wire
The Biot-Savart law
states that the magnetic field contribution due to an infinitesimal length
element ds carrying an electric current i is given by
where
μ0 is a constant known as the permeability of free space and R
is the displacement vector pointing from the current element to the point at
which the field contribution is to be found. The total magnetic field at a
point can be found by integrating the equation over the current distribution.
Ampère’s law states
that the integral of the magnetic field component along a closed path,
integrated over that path, is proportional to the amount of current enclosed by
the loop:
Magnetic field around wire
When a charged particle—such as an electron, proton or ion—is in motion, magnetic lines of force rotate around the particle. Since electrical current moving through a wire consists of electrons in motion, there is a magnetic field around the wire.
